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Ukukhetha eyona Factory yePrototyping yePCB: Izinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe

Yazisa:

Kwimeko yetekhnoloji ekhawulezayo yanamhlanje, iibhodi zesekethe eziprintiweyo (PCBs) zidlala indima ephambili ekuqhubeni izinto ezintsha kuwo wonke amashishini. Iiprototypes ze-PCB zisisiseko sovavanyo kunye nokusulungekiswa koyilo lwemveliso, ukuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana nemigangatho yomgangatho kunye nokulindelwe ngabathengi. Njengoko amashishini kunye nabantu ngokufana befuna ezona mveliso zibalaseleyo kwiimfuno zabo ze-PCB, ukufumana iqabane elithembekileyo kuba yinto ebalulekileyo. Kule post yebhlog, sithatha ukuntywila nzulu kwihlabathi le-PCB prototyping kwaye sixoxe ngezinto eziphambili ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha owona mzi-mveliso ubalaseleyo we-pcb kwiimfuno zakho.

 

Ukuqonda ukubaluleka kwe-PCB Prototyping:

Iiprototypes zePCB linyathelo elibalulekileyo kuphuhliso lwemveliso. Babonelela iinjineli kunye nabaqulunqi ngeqonga elibambekayo lokuzama ngeembono zabo, uvavanyo lokusebenza kunye nokuchonga naziphi na iimpazamo ezinokuthi zibekho kuyilo, ekugqibeleni okukhokelela kwimveliso esulungekisiweyo neyimpumelelo. Ukukwazi ukuphindaphinda ngokukhawuleza kunye nokuphucula iiprototypes kunokukhawulezisa kakhulu inkqubo yophuhliso, ngaloo ndlela ukunciphisa ixesha lokuthengisa kunye nokwandisa ukwaneliseka kwabathengi.

 

Kutheni kubalulekile ukukhetha isityalo esifanelekileyo:

Ukufumana owona mzi-mveliso usemgangathweni wokuzisa iiprototypes zePCB ezikumgangatho ophezulu kubalulekile ngenxa yezizathu ezininzi. Okokuqala, iifektri ezihloniphekileyo ziya kuba nobuchule bobugcisa kunye nezixhobo zanamhlanje ezifunekayo ukuvelisa iiprototypes ezichanekileyo. Ukongeza, umzi-mveliso onamava uya kuqesha abasebenzi abanezakhono abakwaziyo ukuphatha uyilo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nokusombulula ngokufanelekileyo nayiphi na imiba enokuthi ivele ngexesha lemveliso. Okokugqibela, ukusebenza nomzi-mveliso obonelela ngenkxaso yomthengi ogqwesileyo kunye nokunxibelelana kwangexesha kuqinisekisa amava angenamthungo nangenangxaki.

2-32 umaleko engqongqo-flex pcb

 

Izinto ekufuneka ziqwalaselwe xa ukhetha isityalo esihle:

 

1. Ubungcali bobugcisa kunye nezakhono:

Xa uvavanya iifektri ze-PCB ezinokubakho, vavanya ulwazi lwazo lobugcisa kunye nesakhono ngokuchasene neemfuno zakho zeprojekthi. Jonga iifektri ezinamava ekuphatheni iintlobo ezahlukeneyo zePCB, ubungakanani kunye nobuchwepheshe. Kubalulekile ukukhetha umzi-mveliso onokuhlangabezana neenkcukacha zakho zoyilo olulodwa kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuhlanganisana okufanelekileyo. Kwakhona, buza malunga nenkqubo yabo yokulawula umgangatho ukuqinisekisa ukuba yonke iprototype eveliswayo ihlangabezana neyona migangatho iphezulu yoshishino.

I-Capel ineenzuzo ezininzi malunga nobuchule bobugcisa kunye nobuchule kwi-PCB prototyping:

Amava abanzi:
UCapel uneminyaka eyi-15 yamava abanzi kwi-PCB prototyping, ephethe ii-PCB zazo zonke iintlobo, ubungakanani, kunye nobuchwepheshe. Baye babandakanyeka kwiiprojekthi ezingaphezu kwe-100 kwintsimi, bebonisa ubuchule babo bobugcisa.
Izisombululo zesiko:
Usebenze ngaphezulu kwamatyala angama-200,000 kule minyaka ili-15 idlulileyo, uCapel uyaqonda ukuba iprojekthi nganye ifuna ukucaciswa koyilo olulodwa. Babeka phambili ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zabathengi ukuqinisekisa ukudibanisa okufanelekileyo kunye nokusebenza kweeprototypes.
Iqela elinezakhono:
I-Capel inabasebenzi abanobuchule abangaphezu kwe-1,500, kuquka nabasebenzi bobunjineli abangama-300 nabasebenzi be-R&D. Iqela liquka amagcisa aneminyaka eyi-15 yamava kwaye anolwazi olubanzi kwintsimi ye-PCB prototyping. Ubuchwephesha babo bobugcisa bubenza bakwazi ukujongana neeprojekthi ezinzima ngokukhawuleza, ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokuchaneka.
Isixhobo senqanaba eliphezulu:
Indawo yokuvelisa yaseCapel ixhotyiswe ngoomatshini abakwizinga eliphezulu kunye neteknoloji efunekayo kwimveliso yeprototype echanekileyo. Oku kuqinisekisa imveliso ekumgangatho ophezulu kwaye ihlangabezana nemigangatho yoshishino.
Ulawulo lwemeko:
I-Capel ithatha ulawulo lomgangatho njengento ebaluleke kakhulu. Banenkqubo eyomeleleyo yokujonga kwaye baqinisekise umgangatho weprototype nganye yemveliso. Oku kuzibophelela kumgangatho kuqinisekisa ukuba imveliso yokugqibela ihlangabezana neyona migangatho iphezulu yoshishino.
Ukuphuculwa okuqhubekayo:
I-Capel izibophelele ekuqhubekeni iphucula izakhono zayo zobugcisa. Batyala imali kuphando kunye nophuhliso kwaye bafumane inani lophando kunye nophuhliso lwamalungelo awodwa abenzi, baqhubeke nenkqubela phambili yamva nje kwiprototyping yePCB, kwaye babonelele abathengi ngezisombululo ezibukhali.

Lilonke, ubuchule beCapel bobugcisa, amava, kunye nokuzinikela kumgangatho kubenza babe lukhetho oluthembekileyo kwiimfuno zakho ze-PCB prototyping.

 

2. Umthamo wemveliso kunye nexesha lokuguqula:

Qwalasela umthamo wefektri kunye nexesha lokutshintsha. Vavanya amandla abo okuphatha imveliso yeprototype encinci kunye nenkulu. Ixesha elimiselweyo libalulekile ekugcineni iishedyuli zeeprojekthi kunye nokuqinisekisa ingxelo ngexesha elifanelekileyo malunga noyilo oluphindaphindwayo. Khangela umzi-mveliso onokuhlangabezana rhoqo nemihla yokugqibela yeprojekthi yakho ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umgangatho.

I-Capel ineenzuzo ezilandelayo malunga nomthamo wemveliso kunye nexesha lokuguqula:

Ukubaleka:
I-Capel inomthamo oqinileyo wokuvelisa, ekwazi ukuvelisa ngaphezu kwe-150,000 square metres ye-FPC kunye ne-Rigid-Flex PCBs ngenyanga, i-80,000 ye-square metres ye-PCBs ngenyanga, kunye nokuhlanganisa umthamo we-150,000,000 yamacandelo ngenyanga. Oku kubavumela ukuba baphathe zombini imveliso yeprototype encinci kunye nenkulu. Ingaba ufuna iiprototypes ezimbalwa okanye i-batch enkulu, iifektri ezintathu ze-Capel ezichazwe kakuhle: i-FPC kunye ne-Rigid-Flex PCB ifektri, i-PCB factory, kunye ne-SMT / DIP factory, inokuphendula ngokukhawuleza kwaye ihlangabezane neemfuno zakho zokuvelisa kunye nobuchule obuphambili kunye nenkqubo evuthiweyo.
Amaxesha okuhanjiswa aguquguqukayo:
UCapel uyakuqonda ukubaluleka kwamaxesha eprojekthi kunye nesidingo sengxelo efike kwangexesha malunga nokuphindaphindwa koyilo. Banikezela ngamaxesha okuhanjiswa aguquguqukayo, kunye neqela lobugcisa beeyure ezingama-24 elikhoyo ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezithembekileyo nezikhawulezayo ze-PCB zeprototype. Ii-odolo zePCB zebhetshi encinci zinokuziswa ngeentsuku ezi-5-6, uqinisekisa ukuba iiprototypes zakho ziyenziwa kwaye zisiwa ngexesha elilindelweyo.
IiNkqubo zoMveliso ezisebenzayo:
Iifektri ezintathu zaseCapel zisebenza kunye kwinkqubo yokwenziwa komatshini ngokupheleleyo nekwinqanaba eliphezulu ukuqinisekisa ukusebenza kakuhle kunye nokunciphisa ixesha lokutshintsha. Iqela labo elinobuchule kunye nezixhobo eziphambili zibenza bakwazi ukuvelisa ngokukhawuleza iiprototypes ngaphandle kokuthomalalisa kumgangatho.
UCwangciso lweMveliso ye-Agile:
I-Capel iphuhlisa kwaye yamkele izicwangciso zokucwangcisa imveliso eguquguqukayo ukulungelelanisa nokutshintsha iimfuno zeprojekthi kunye nezinto eziphambili. Basenokuhlengahlengisa izicwangciso zabo zemveliso kwaye babele izibonelelo ngokufanelekileyo ukuze bahlangabezane nemihla ebekiweyo engxamisekileyo okanye bavumelane nohlengahlengiso loyilo kunye nohlengahlengiso.
Sula imijelo yoNxibelelwano:
Ixabiso laseCapel lithetha unxibelelwano oluvulekileyo noluselubala kunye nabathengi babo. Banikezela ngohlaziyo rhoqo kwinkqubela phambili yemveliso yakho yeprototype kwaye baphendule ngokukhawuleza kuyo nayiphi na imibuzo okanye iinkxalabo onokuba nazo. Oku kunceda ukugcina amajelo onxibelelwano acacileyo kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuba nakuphi na ukulibaziseka okunokubakho okanye imiba isonjululwa ngokukhawuleza.
Ukuzibophelela kuMgangatho:
Ngelixa ukugqitywa kweprojekthi kwangexesha kubalulekile, iCapel ayinakuze ithobe umgangatho. Banenkqubo ebanzi yolawulo lomgangatho kunye neenkqubo ezingqongqo zokuqinisekisa umgangatho okhoyo ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukuba iprototype nganye ihlangabezana neyona migangatho iphezulu. Oku kuzibophelela kumgangatho kuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana iiprototypes ezithembekileyo nezikumgangatho ophezulu ngexesha elibekiweyo.

Ngokubanzi, amandla okuvelisa eCapel, iinkqubo ezisebenzayo, amaxesha okuhanjiswa okuguquguqukayo, kunye nokuzinikela kumgangatho kubenza babe liqabane elithembekileyo lokuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho zokuvelisa iprototype ngelixa ugcina iishedyuli zeprojekthi.

 

3. Amaxabiso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko:

Nangona iindleko ziyinto ebalulekileyo, akufuneki ibe kuphela kwesigqibo ekukhetheni umzi-mveliso we-PCB womzekelo. Qwalasela ibhalansi phakathi kwexabiso kunye nomgangatho xa ukhetha umzi-mveliso. Iinketho ezinexabiso eliphantsi kakhulu zinokubeka esichengeni umgangatho wemveliso, kubangele ulibaziseko okanye ukusebenza kwakhona. Cela iikowuti ezineenkcukacha kwiifektri ezahlukeneyo kwaye uvavanye ixabiso lexabiso elinikezelayo. Ukusebenza nomzi-mveliso ohloniphekileyo obonelela ngezisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu kuya kuvelisa iziphumo ezigqwesileyo ekuhambeni kwexesha.

I-Capel ibonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi malunga namaxabiso kunye nokusebenza kakuhle kweendleko:

Amaxabiso oKhuphiswano:
UCapel uyakuqonda ukubaluleka kwamaxabiso akhuphisanayo kwishishini le-PCB lokuchwetheza. Bazama ukubonelela ngezisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umgangatho. Ngokusebenzisa iinkqubo zokuvelisa eziphambili, ulwabiwo olusebenzayo lwezibonelelo kunye noqoqosho lwesikali, iCapel iyakwazi ukugcina imigangatho yomgangatho ophezulu ngelixa ihlala ikhuphisana ngexabiso.
Amaxabiso angafihliyo:
I-Capel ibonelela ngeekowuti ezineenkcukacha zeenkonzo zeprototyping ye-PCB, ekuvumela ukuba uvavanye ixabiso lexabiso lezinto abazinikezelayo. Iingcaphuno zabo zibandakanya ukucazululwa kwazo zonke iindleko ezihambelanayo, ukuqinisekisa ukungafihli kumaxabiso. Oku kukuvumela ukuba wenze isigqibo esisekelwe kuhlahlo lwabiwo-mali kunye neemfuno zakho.
Umgangatho wemali:
Ukuzinikela kukaCapel ekusebenzeni kakuhle kweendleko kudlula ngaphaya kwamaxabiso. Bagxile ekuhambiseni ixabiso lemali ngokuzisa iiprototypes ezihlangabezana nemigaqo yakho echanekileyo kunye nomgangatho olindelekileyo. Iqela labo elinobuchule, izixhobo zanamhlanje kunye neenkqubo zokulawula umgangatho obanzi ziqinisekisa ukuba ufumana iiprototypes ezisebenza ngokuthembekileyo kwaye zihlangabezana nemigangatho yoshishino, ukunciphisa umngcipheko wokulibaziseka okanye ukuphinda usebenze.
Ugcino lweendleko zexesha elide:
Ngelixa iindleko zokuqala zeprototype ye-PCB zinokuqwalaselwa, kukwabalulekile ukuqwalasela ugcino lweendleko zexesha elide. Ukuzibophelela kukaCapel kumgangatho kuthetha ukuba uya kufumana iiprototypes ezakhelwe ukuhlala, ukunciphisa imfuno yokusebenza ngokutsha okanye ukutshintshwa. Oku kongela ixesha kunye nemali ekuhambeni kwexesha ngokunciphisa ukuphazamiseka kwemveliso kunye nokuqinisekisa ukuthembeka kwemveliso yokugqibela.
Isidima kunye nokuthembeka:
I-Capel yifektri ehloniphekileyo eyaziwayo ngokubonelela ngezisombululo ezingabizi kakhulu. Banerekhodi eqinisekisiweyo yokuhambisa iiprototypes ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngexesha kunye nohlahlo lwabiwo-mali. Ukusebenza kunye nefektri ethembekileyo efana neCapel kunceda ukunciphisa umngcipheko ohambelana nokukhethwa kwexabiso eliphantsi elinokuthi lidibanise umgangatho, okubangelwa ukulibaziseka okunokwenzeka okanye iindleko ezongezelelweyo.

Ngokubanzi, iCapel ibonelela ngamaxabiso akhuphisanayo, ukucaphula okucacileyo, ixabiso lemali, ukugcinwa kweendleko zexesha elide, kunye nodumo oluqinileyo. Ezi zinto zinegalelo ekusebenzeni kwayo ngokupheleleyo kweendleko kwaye ziyenze ibe lukhetho oluqinileyo kwiimfuno ze-PCB prototyping.

 

4. Ukuguquguquka kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso:

Iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zifuna amanqanaba ahlukeneyo okwenziwa ngokwezifiso. Qinisekisa ukuba ukhetha umzi-mveliso onokuguquguquka ukuze ulungelelanise iimfuno zakho ezithile, nokuba usebenzisa imathiriyeli eyodwa, ukuhlalisa uyilo oluntsonkothileyo, okanye ukubonelela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo ezifana nonyango lomphezulu okanye iiPCB ezibhetyebhetye. Isityalo esinemisebenzi emininzi siya kukuvumela ukuba uqonde umbono wakho kwaye ufezekise iziphumo ezilungileyo.

I-Capel izisa iingenelo ezininzi kwi-PCB yokuguquguquka kunye nokwenza ngokwezifiso:

Izinto ezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso:
Kwiminyaka eyi-15 edlulileyo, iCapel iqokelele amava atyebileyo ekulungiseleleni ii-PCB zenkqubo eyodwa ukusuka kwiinkalo ezingaphezu kwe-100 kunye neemeko zeprojekthi ezingaphezu kwama-200,000 ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezithile zoshishino. Bayaqonda ukuba iiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo zifuna izinto ezizodwa. Bayakwazi ukusebenza ngezinto ezahlukeneyo kuquka zemveli FR-4 kwakunye izinto ezizodwa ezifana laminates frequency eliphezulu, substrates bhetyebhetye kunye PCBs engqongqo-flex. I-Capel inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho zeprojekthi ngokunikezela ngezinto eziphathekayo ezikhethiweyo.
Ithatha indawo yoyilo oluntsonkothileyo:
I-Capel inobuchule kunye neziseko ezingundoqo zokusingatha uyilo olunzima. Nokuba ufuna iipateni ezintsonkothileyo, ububanzi bokulandela umkhondo okanye izithuba, iileya ezininzi, ii-vias ezingaboniyo kunye nokungcwatywa, okanye i-impedance elawulwayo, iCapel inokuhlangabezana neemfuno zakho ze-PCB prototyping. Iinkqubo zabo zokuvelisa eziphucukileyo nezintsha, ezidityaniswa namandla enkqubo evuthiweyo, zibenza bakwazi ukuvelisa ii-PCB zeprototype ezichaneke kakhulu, ukuxinana okuphezulu kunye nomgangatho ophezulu.
Iinkonzo ezongezelelweyo:
Ukongeza kwimveliso yePCB, iCapel ibonelela ngeenkonzo ezongezelelweyo zokuphucula ukwenziwa kweeprototypes. Banikezela ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zonyango olungaphezulu olunje nge-HASL, ENIG, OSP, kunye nesilivere yokuntywiliselwa enokuphucula ukusebenza kunye nokuqina kwePCB yakho. I-Capel ikwanayo nefektri yayo eyenza i-PCB eguquguqukayo kunye ne-rigid-flex, ilungele izicelo ezifuna i-curved or compact form factor.
Ukubanakho okuNxaxheba:
Iindawo zokuvelisa zaseCapel zinemisebenzi emininzi. Baye batyala imali kwizixhobo zanamhlanje ukuhlangabezana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zemveliso ukusuka kuvavanyo loyilo lwebhodi yeprototype ukuya kwimveliso kunye novavanyo lwendibano. Oku kubenza bakwazi ukuhlangabezana noluhlu olubanzi lweemfuno zokwenza ngokwezifiso ukusuka kwiiprototypes zebhetshi ezincinci ukuya kwimiba yemveliso emikhulu. Ngokuguquguquka kwayo, iCapel inokuhlengahlengiswa kwiiprojekthi ezahlukeneyo kwaye ihlangabezane neemfuno eziguqukayo.
Inkxaso yePrototyping:
UCapel uyakuqonda ukubaluleka kweprototyping kwinkqubo yophuhliso lwemveliso. Baxhasa imveliso yeprototype, ekuvumela ukuba uphindaphinde uyilo kwaye wenze uhlengahlengiso oluyimfuneko phambi kokuveliswa kothotho. ICapel inokubonelela ngamaxesha okutshintsha iprototype ngokukhawuleza ukugcina iiprojekthi zakho kwishedyuli.

Ngokubanzi, ukuguquguquka kweCapel kunye namandla okwenza ngokwezifiso kuxhomekeke ekukwazini ukusebenzisa izinto ezinokwenziwa ngokwezifiso, ukuhlalisa uyilo oluntsonkothileyo, ukubonelela ngeenkonzo zokongeza, unakho ukwenza izinto ezahlukeneyo, kunye nokubonelela ngenkxaso yeprototyping. Ezi zibonelelo zenza ukuba iCapel ihlangabezane neemfuno zakho ezithile kwaye ihambise iiPCB ezihambelana nombono wakho kunye neziphumo ozifunayo.

pcb prototype factory

 

 

eKapaibalasele njengesixhobo sokuchwetheza se-PCB ngezizathu ezininzi:

Enye yamandla abo aphambili aukuzibophelela kubuchwephesha bobugcisa. Iqela labo leenjineli ezinamava kunye namagcisa ahlala esazi ngentsingiselo yamva nje yoshishino kunye nobuchwepheshe. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba banolwazi kunye nezakhono ezifunekayo ukujongana noyilo oluntsonkothileyo kunye nokubonelela ngegalelo elixabisekileyo ngexesha lenkqubo yokulinganisa. Ubuchwephesha babo bukwabenza bakwazi ukubonelela ngenkxaso yoyilo kunye nezindululo zokuphucula ukuphucula ukusebenza kwePCB kunye nokwenziwa.

Ngemimiselo yokubaumthamo wemveliso, Izixhobo ezisemgangathweni zaseCapel kunye nezixhobo ezisemgangathweni zibenza bakwazi ukuhlangabezana noluhlu olubanzi lweemfuno zokuvelisa. Ukusuka kwiiprototypes zebhetshi ezincinci ukuya kwimveliso yobuninzi, banamandla okuphatha ngokufanelekileyo ubungakanani beeprojekthi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokuhambisa iiPCB ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngaphakathi kwexesha ekuvunyelwene ngalo. Izakhono zabo zemveliso zandisa kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-PCB ezibandakanya i-laminates ephezulu, ii-PCB eziguquguqukayo kunye nee-substrates eziguquguqukayo. Oku kuguquguquka kubavumela ukuba bahlangabezane neemfuno ezizodwa zamashishini ahlukeneyo kunye nezicelo.

Enye inzuzo yokusebenza neCapel yiyoamaxabiso okhuphiswano. Babonelela ngezisombululo iindleko-esebenzayo ngaphandle kokubeka esichengeni umgangatho PCB kunye nokusebenza. Ukukwazi kwabo ukwenza izinto eziyimfuneko kunye nokusebenza kuqinisekisa ukuba ufumana esona sisombululo sinexabiso eliphezulu esilungiselelwe iimfuno zeprojekthi yakho. I-Capel iyakuqonda ukubaluleka kokunyusa ixabiso kubathengi bayo kwaye izabalazela ukubonelela ngeendlela zokuxabisa amaxabiso.

Ukongeza, uCapel ukholelwa kakhuluukwakha ubudlelwane bexesha elide kunye nabathengi bayo. Abanikeli nje ngemveliso esemgangathweni; bahambisa imveliso esemgangathweni. Baba ngamaqabane kuhambo lwakho lokuyila. Bazimisele ukubonelela ngenkonzo ebalaseleyo yabathengi kunye nokwakha ubudlelwane obuthembekileyo. Ngokukhetha iCapel, unokuqiniseka ukuba uneqabane elithembekileyo eliya kukuxhasa kuyo yonke iprojekthi yakho kwaye uncede ukubumba ikamva lombono wakho.

Ngokubanzi, amandla kaCapel kubuchwephesha bobugcisa, amandla okuvelisa, amaxabiso okukhuphisana, kunye nendlela yokusebenzisana yenza kube yinto yokuqala yokukhetha i-PCB prototyping. Babeka phambili ukuhambisa iimveliso ezisemgangathweni kunye nokuba liqabane elixatyisiweyo kuhambo lwakho lokuvelisa izinto ezintsha.

 

ukuququmbela:

Inkqubo yokukhetha iEyona mveliso ilungileyo kwi-PCB prototypingkufuneka iqwalaselwe ngononophelo. Nguukuvavanya ubuchule bobugcisa, ubunakho bemveliso, amaxabisokwayeiinketho zokwenza ngokwezifiso, unokumisela umzi-mveliso ukubangcono ihlangabezana neemfuno zakho zeprojekthi.Khumbula, ivenkile enkulu ye-PCB yeprototyping ayinikeli nje iimveliso ezintle; yonaihambisa iimveliso ezinkulu. Baba ngamaqabane kuhambo lwakho lokuyila. Khetha ngobulumko kwaye uvumele iimbono zakho zibumbe ikamva.


Ixesha lokuposa: Aug-16-2023
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